On the number of partition weights with Kostka multiplicity one (Q1953366)

Summary: Given a positive integer \(n\), and partitions \(\lambda\) and \(\mu\) of \(n\), let \(K_{\lambda \mu}\) denote the Kostka number, which is the number of semistandard Young tableaux of shape \(\lambda\) and weight \(\mu\). Let \(J(\lambda)\) denote the number of \(\mu\) such that \(K_{\lambda \mu} = 1\). By applying a result of \textit{A. D. Berenshtejn} and \textit{A. V. Zelevinskij} [Funct. Anal. Appl. 24, No. 4, 259--269 (1990); translation from Funkts. Anal. Prilozh. 24, No. 4, 1--13 (1990; Zbl 0718.17008)], we obtain a formula for \(J(\lambda)\) in terms of restricted partition functions, which is recursive in the number of distinct part sizes of \(\lambda\). We use this to classify all partitions \(\lambda\) such that \(J(\lambda) = 1\) and all \(\lambda\) such that \(J(\lambda) = 2\). We then consider signed tableaux, where a semistandard signed tableau of shape \(\lambda\) has entries from the ordered set \(\{0 < \bar{1} < 1 < \bar{2} < 2 < \cdots \}\), and such that \(i\) and \(\bar{i}\) contribute equally to the weight. For a weight \((w_0, \mu)\) with \(\mu\) a partition, the signed Kostka number \(K^{\pm}_{\lambda,(w_0, \mu)}\) is defined as the number of semistandard signed tableaux of shape \(\lambda\) and weight \((w_0, \mu)\), and \(J^{\pm}(\lambda)\) is then defined to be the number of weights \((w_0, \mu)\) such that \(K^{\pm}_{\lambda, (w_0, \mu)} = 1\). Using different methods than in the unsigned case, we find that the only nonzero value which \(J^{\pm}(\lambda)\) can take is 1, and we find all sequences of partitions with this property. We conclude with an application of these results on signed tableaux to the character theory of finite unitary groups.