The friction and lubrication of solids (Q2741545)

This classic monograph is one of the most considerable fundamentals which state at origin of modern tribology (the science of friction, lubrication and wear of materials). This book firstly published in 1950 and then continued in 1953 has covered numerous experimental results on physical and chemical processes that occur during sliding and friction, lubrication and wear of different solids. NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe book is divided into sixteen chapters. The first chapter is devoted to experimental methods to study the real contact between rubbing solids, i.e. to measurement methods of size and shape of irregularities which are present on solids. The next chapter describes thermo-electric effects initiating at the points of intimate contact between the surfaces of rubbing solids. First, there is an investigation, by thermo-electric measurement, of the surface temperature developing between sliding metals. Then, the authors discuss the surface temperature existing between non-conducting solids, where the thermo-electric method is inapplicable. The effect of surface temperature produced by frictional heating on surface melting and on surface flaws is considered at the end of this chapter. NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEChapter 3 treats polishing, and also the sliding on ice and snow. The next two chapters are devoted to the mechanism of friction between sliding metals. First, the authors consider the types of interaction between moving surfaces, and physical changes which occur in them during sliding. Then, the shearing, deformation and ploughing away of the metallic inclusions caused by the real adhesion and welding at the points of contacts, are studied. These processes constitute the physical wear of metals. Then the authors investigate various ways in which the wear can occur.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEChapter 6 discusses the theory of action of two main types of duplex bearing alloys, namely the copper-lead type of alloys (in which the matrix is the harder of the two phases), and white-metal type of alloys (where the continuous matrix consists of the softer phase). Effect of contaminant films on friction of clean surfaces of metals is discussed in the seventh chapter, and a brief review of frictional behavior of some non-metallic materials is presented in chapter 8. Under many conditions of operation it is not possible to maintain fluid lubrication, and the surface could be separated only by a boundary layer of molecular size. These aspects of lubrication are considered in chapter 9. In particular, the authors study the general behavior of metallic surfaces lubricated with boundary films of long-chain molecules. In chapter 10, it is shown that the lubrication of metals by fatty acids is most effective only when the acids react with the metal to form a soap. The chemical attack problems of the extreme pressure lubrication of metals are considered in chapter 11 on the base of lubrication mechanism by compounds containing sulphur, chlorine and other active groups. Also, here the authors discuss the use of typical extreme pressure lubricants in certain machining operations.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEChapter 12 investigates the breakdown of lubricant films between rubbing metal surfaces, giving analyses of the lubrication between piston rings and cylinder wall of a running engine, and between a journal and its bearing. The impact between colliding solids both in the absence and in the presence of liquid films is considered in chapter 13. It is shown that the forces transmitted through the liquid film may readily cause plastic deformation and damage of metals, although no solid contact occurs. Chapter 14 studies the nature of metallic wear in relation to the role of continual formation and shearing of metallic junctions in producing wear between rubbing surfaces. Also, the authors briefly discuss here some factors which, in practice, complicate the wear process.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEChapter 15 studies the behavior of surfaces for which the observed adhesion is very small unless liquid films are present. It is shown that, for certain materials, extremely high adhesion, may produce a considerable reduction in adhesion. The last chapter deals with chemical reactions which are produced by impact and by friction, and discusses the initiation of explosions. Here the authors demonstrate that the generation of localized frictional hot spots plays an important part in these reactions. NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEIn total, this work gives a clear presentation of statements in the topics of solid friction, lubrication and wear (at least, in relation to experimental investigations in the middle of the last century). The book examines physical and chemical bases on which in the modern tribology could be developed in the future. The presented experimental devices and methods can be of interest for laboratorial practical work of students of the correspondent specialities. The book can be also interesting to those who study the history of science.