Atmosphere-ocean interactions. Vol. 1 (Q2774534)

The purpose of the book is to present a survey of several of key mechanisms that are important for marine storms and their development. These topics are presented as separate chapters that are self-contained, to a large extent. The material can be arranged into three sections. The first part contains some basic considerations of marine storms in atmosphere-ocean systems: the interface, the atmosphere and the ocean, in chapters 1-3. This leads to the second part, which concerns coupled model simulations of marine storms, including atmosphere, ocean and ocean wave models covered in chapters 4-6. Finally, the third part mentions longer time-scales, including climate change scenarios, in chapter 7-9.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEChapter 1 (\textit{E. L. Andreas}, ``A review of the sea spray generation function for the open ocean'') is a review of formulations of sea spray at the sea surface. This chapter gives estimates for exchanges of mass, moisture and momentum due to sea spray, as well as guidelines for their realistic behavior in terms of magnitude, spectral shape and wind speed dependence. Chapter 2 (\textit{J. R. Gyakum}, ``The extratropical transformation: A scientific challenge'') reviews the processes defining the evolution and transformation of storm development, specifically concerning tropical cyclone transformations to extra-tropical storms (denoted ETs). This includes a climatology of ETs, relevant atmosphere-ocean factors, and associated ET structural features and dynamics. Chapter 3 (\textit{I. Ginis}, ``Tropical cyclone-ocean interactions'') concerns the main characteristics of tropical cyclone-ocean interactions, and their importance for tropical cyclone intensity. This chapter also considers aspects of oceanic response to tropical cyclonic forcing and air-sea heat and momentum fluxes in high winds, and presents simulations of observed tropical cyclones.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEChapter 4 (\textit{J.-W. Bao, S. A. Michelson, J. M. Wilczak} and \textit{C. W. Fairall}, ``Storm simulations using a regional coupled atmosphere-ocean modeling system'') reviews the physics of turbulent fluxes of momentum heat and moisture at the sea surface. Parameterizations are suggested for high-wind conditions, suitable for a coupled atmosphere-ocean-wave model system. Chapter 5 (\textit{P. A. E. M. Janssen, J. D. Doyle, J. Bidlot, B. Hansen, L. Isaksen} and \textit{P. Viterbo}, ``Impact and feedback of ocean waves on the atmosphere'') deals with air-sea momentum transfer between waves and the atmosphere, and considers the role of wave-induced stress. Young waves are rougher than old waves, extracting more momentum from the wind, particularly in rapidly developing storms and near depressions and fronts. \textit{Chapter 6} (\textit{W. Perrie} and \textit{Z. Long}, ``Regional armosphere-wave-ocean impacts'') describes regional atmosphere-wave coupled models using the empirical HEXOS roughness relation. This approximates the wave-induced stress formulation. Impacts are important for waves, and are enhanced by coupling with an ocean mixed layer.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEChapter 7 (\textit{C. Tang, N. A. McFarlane} and \textit{S. J. D. D'Alessio}, ``Boundary layer models for the ocean and the atmosphere'') considers oceanic and atmospheric boundary layer models. Bulk formulations are compared to turbulent closure formulations for oceanic mixed layer models. The mixed layer under ice and several ice-mixed layer schemes are also considered. Basic features of atmospheric boundary layers are given, relevant to general circulation models. Chapter 8 (\textit{K. J. E. Walsh}, ``The influence of air-sea interaction on tropical cyclones'') reviews the influence of air-sea interactions on tropical cyclones, and theories of intensification. The largest possible intensity is strongly dependent on the sea surface temperature. The chapter makes connections to the impacts of atmosphere-ocean processes that govern El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on cyclone formation as well as possible implications of \({\text{CO}}_2\)-induced global warming. Finally, chapter 9 (\textit{R. E. Tuleya} and \textit{T. R. Knutson}, ``Impact of climate change on tropical cyclones'') describes the impacts of enhanced \({\text{CO}}_2\)-induced global warming on tropical cyclones, their formation, track, intensity and decay. Global warming results in more energy flux at the sea surface, which can produce more intense storms. For a \({\text{CO}}_2\)-induced tropical warming of\( \sim 2.5^ \circ \), results suggest 3-10-30 precipitation.