Molecular Orientation

Available identifiers

expectation value indicating in how far molecular axes point in the same direction as space fxed axes

Typically achieved by the interaction of permanent dipole moments with external electrostatic fields.

Defining Formula: $O = ⟨ ψ \| \cos θ \| ψ ⟩$
$ψ$ symbol represents Quantum State Vector
$θ$ symbol represents Polar Angle