No Ensemble Averaging Below the Black Hole Threshold

DOI10.1007/JHEP07(2022)143arXiv2202.01372WikidataQ114213788 ScholiaQ114213788MaRDI QIDQ6389995

Jean-Marc Schlenker, Edward Witten

Publication date: 2 February 2022

Abstract: In the AdS/CFT correspondence, amplitudes associated to connected bulk manifolds with disconnected boundaries have presented a longstanding mystery. A possible interpretation is that they reflect the effects of averaging over an ensemble of boundary theories. But in examples in dimension $Dgeq3$, an appropriate ensemble of boundary theories does not exist. Here we sharpen the puzzle by identifying a class of "sub-threshold" observables that we claim do not show effects of ensemble averaging. These are amplitudes that do not involve black hole states. To support our claim, we explore the example of $D=3$, and show that connected solutions of Einstein's equations with disconnected boundary never contribute to sub-threshold observables. To demonstrate this requires some novel results about the renormalized volume of a hyperbolic three-manifold, which we prove using modern methods in hyperbolic geometry. Why then do any observables show apparent ensemble averaging? We propose that this reflects the chaotic nature of black hole physics and the fact that the Hilbert space describing a black hole does not have a large $N$ limit.

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Black holes (83C57) Geometrodynamics and the holographic principle (83E05) Einstein's equations (general structure, canonical formalism, Cauchy problems) (83C05) Correspondence, duality, holography (AdS/CFT, gauge/gravity, etc.) (81T35)

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