Use of the operator \(\Delta^n\) in a Riemannian space
type: Item
instance of: scholarly article
title: Use of the operator \(\Delta^n\) in a Riemannian space
zbMATH Open document ID: 0928.58005
author: S. S. Pujar
published in: Indian Journal of Pure \& Applied Mathematics
publication date: 2000-01-04T00:00:00Z
review text: Let us consider the continued \(n\)-products of the Laplacian operator \(\Delta\), defined by \[ \Delta^n=\Delta \Delta \Delta \ldots \Delta,\qquad n \text{ times } \] where \(n\) is a positive integer. Let us also write for a smooth differentiable function \(f\) of class \(C^\infty\) on a Riemannian manifold of dimension \(m\geq 2:\) \[ \Delta^n f= \Delta(\Delta(\ldots(\Delta(\Delta f)))). \] If \(n\) equals zero then \(\Delta^0 f=f\). We set \(\Delta^n f\) as the ``generalized Laplacian of \(f\)'', it is the Laplacian iterated operator. The author also considers the Riemannian space \(( M, g)\) where \(M\) is a Riemannian manifold of dimension \(m\geq n\) associated with a positive definite metric \(g\). The aim of the author is to obtain integral formulas in the Riemannian space and to use them to establish some of the global results. Moreover, it is shown that the results obtained by the author include the following Green's theorem and Hopf lemma. Let \(M\) be a closed orientable Riemannian manifold. Then \[ \int_{M} g^{ij} {\nabla}_j {\nabla}_i f d V=0, \quad \text{ or } \int_{M} \Delta f d V=0 \] where \(d V\) is the volume element of \(M\). The above theorem is the well-known Green's theorem. The second result, Hopf's lemma, assures that under the same assumption of Green's theorem and if \(f\) is a differentiable function on \(M\) such that \(\Delta f \geq 0\) everywhere on \(M\), or \(\Delta f\leq 0\) everywhere on \(M\), then \(f\) is constant on \(M\), and it follows \(\Delta f=0\).
reviewed by: Maria Alessandra Ragusa
Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 58B20
Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 53C20
Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 53C25
Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 53C21
zbMATH DE Number: 1283808
zbMATH Keywords: \(\Delta^n\) operator
zbMATH Keywords: Riemannian space
zbMATH Keywords: Green's theorem
zbMATH Keywords: Hopf's lemma
MaRDI profile type: Publication
description: scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1283808