Knots on a torus: A model of the elementary particles
type: Item
instance of: scholarly article
title: Knots on a torus: A model of the elementary particles
zbMATH Open document ID: 1351.53110
author: Jack Avrin
published in: Symmetry
publication date: 2016-12-09T00:00:00Z
review text: Summary: Two knots; just two rudimentary knots, the unknot and the trefoil. That's all we need to build a model of the elementary particles of physics, one with fermions and bosons, hadrons and leptons, interactions weak and strong and the attributes of spin, isospin, mass, charge, CPT invariance and more. There are no quarks to provide fractional charge, no gluons to sequester them within nucleons and no ``colors'' to avoid violating Pauli's principle. Nor do we require the importation of an enigmatic Higgs boson to confer mass upon the particles of our world. All the requisite attributes emerge simply (and relativistically invariant) as a result of particle conformation and occupation in and of spacetime itself, a spacetime endowed with the imprimature of general relativity. Also emerging are some novel tools for systemizing the particle taxonomy as governed by the gauge group \(\mathrm{SU}(2)\) and the details of particle degeneracy as well as connections to Hopf algebra, Dirac theory, string theory, topological quantum field theory and dark matter. One exception: it is found necessary to invoke the munificent geometry of the icosahedron in order to provide, as per the group ``flavor'' \(\mathrm{SU}(3)\), a scaffold upon which to organize the well-known three generations -- no more, no less -- of the particle family tree.
Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 53Z05
Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 81Q70
Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 57M27
Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 81V22
Mathematics Subject Classification ID: 53D50
zbMATH DE Number: 6662243
zbMATH Keywords: torus knots
zbMATH Keywords: Moebius strips
zbMATH Keywords: fiber bundles
zbMATH Keywords: topological quantization
zbMATH Keywords: particle attributes
zbMATH Keywords: taxonomy
zbMATH Keywords: interactions
MaRDI profile type: Publication
full work available at URL: sym4010039
OpenAlex ID: W1988090947
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DOI: 10.3390/SYM4010039
description: scientific article; zbMATH DE number 6662243